Difference between revisions of "AP Statistics Curriculum 2007 Hypothesis Var"

From SOCR
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Text replacement - "{{translate|pageName=http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/" to ""{{translate|pageName=http://wiki.socr.umich.edu/")
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
==[[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007 | General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum]] - Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation or Variance==
 
==[[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007 | General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum]] - Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation or Variance==
  
−
Assessing the amount of variation in a process, natural phenomenon or an experiment is of paramount importance in many fields. For instance, a computer manufacturer may dismiss a batch of computer chips if they vary more than certain tollerance levels in their clock-speed, heat emmissions or energy consumptions.
+
Assessing the amount of variation in a process, natural phenomenon, or an experiment is of paramount importance in many fields. For instance, a computer manufacturer may dismiss a batch of computer chips if they vary by more than certain tolerance levels in their clock-speeds, heat emissions, or energy consumptions.
  
 
=== [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_Estim_Var | Background]]===
 
=== [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_Estim_Var | Background]]===
Line 12: Line 12:
 
For Normally distributed random variables, given <math>H_o: \sigma^2 = \sigma_o^2</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma^2 \not= \sigma_o^2</math> , then <math>{(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}</math> has a <math>\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}</math> distribution, where [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_EDA_Var |<math>s^2</math> is the sample variance]].
 
For Normally distributed random variables, given <math>H_o: \sigma^2 = \sigma_o^2</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma^2 \not= \sigma_o^2</math> , then <math>{(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}</math> has a <math>\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}</math> distribution, where [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_EDA_Var |<math>s^2</math> is the sample variance]].
  
−
Notice that the Chi-square distribution is not symmetric (it is positively skewed) and therefore, there are two critical values for each level of confidence <math>(1-\alpha)</math>.  The value <math>\chi_L^2</math> represents the left-tail critical value and <math>\chi_R^2</math> represents the right-tail critical value.  For various degrees of freedom and areas, you can compute all critical values either using the [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Distributions.html SOCR Chi-Square Distribution] or using the [http://socr.ucla.edu/Applets.dir/Normal_T_Chi2_F_Tables.htm SOCR Chi-square distribution calculator].
+
Notice that the Chi-square distribution is not symmetric (it is positively skewed) and therefore, there are two critical values for each level of confidence <math>(1-\alpha)</math>.  The value <math>\chi_L^2</math> represents the left-tail critical value and <math>\chi_R^2</math> represents the right-tail critical value.  For various degrees of freedom and areas, you can compute all critical values either using the [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Distributions.html SOCR Chi-Square Distribution] or using the [http://socr.ucla.edu/Applets.dir/Normal_T_Chi2_F_Tables.htm SOCR Chi-Square Distribution Calculator].
  
 
* Example: A random sample of size 30 drawn from a Normal distribution has sample-variance <math>s^2 = 5</math>. Test at the <math>\alpha=0.05</math> level of significance if this is consistent with <math>H_o: \sigma^2 = 2</math>.  
 
* Example: A random sample of size 30 drawn from a Normal distribution has sample-variance <math>s^2 = 5</math>. Test at the <math>\alpha=0.05</math> level of significance if this is consistent with <math>H_o: \sigma^2 = 2</math>.  
Line 21: Line 21:
 
   
 
   
 
=== Testing a Claim about the Standard Deviation (<math>\sigma</math>)===
 
=== Testing a Claim about the Standard Deviation (<math>\sigma</math>)===
−
As the standard deviation is just th square root of the variance (<math>\sigma = |\sqrt{\sigma^2}|</math>), we do significance testing for the standard deviation anologously.
+
The standard deviation is just the square root of the variance (<math>\sigma = |\sqrt{\sigma^2}|</math>). We do significance testing for the standard deviation analogously.
  
 
For Normally distributed random variables, given <math>H_o: \sigma = \sigma_o</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma \not= \sigma_o</math> , then <math>{(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}</math> has a <math>\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}</math> distribution, where [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_EDA_Var |<math>s^2</math> is the square of the sample standard deviation]].
 
For Normally distributed random variables, given <math>H_o: \sigma = \sigma_o</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma \not= \sigma_o</math> , then <math>{(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}</math> has a <math>\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}</math> distribution, where [[AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_EDA_Var |<math>s^2</math> is the square of the sample standard deviation]].
  
−
===Hands-on activities===
+
===Hands-on Activities===
−
* Formulate appropriate hypothesis and assess the significance of the evidence to reject the null hypothesis for the population standard deviation (<math>\sigma</math>) assuming the observations below represent a random sample from the liquid content (in fluid ounces) of 16 beverage cans and can be considered as Normally distributed. Use a 90% level of confidence (<math>\alpha=0.1</math>).
+
* Formulate appropriate hypotheses and assess the significance of the evidence to reject the null hypothesis for the population standard deviation (<math>\sigma</math>) assuming the observations below represent a random sample from the liquid content (in fluid ounces) of 16 beverage cans and can be considered as Normally distributed. Use a 90% level of confidence (<math>\alpha=0.1</math>).
 
<center>
 
<center>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%" border="1"
Line 34: Line 34:
 
</center>
 
</center>
  
−
* Hypotheses: <math>H_o: \sigma = 0.04</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma \not= 0.04</math> .  
+
* Hypotheses: <math>H_o: \sigma = 0.06 (\sigma_o)</math> vs. <math>H_1: \sigma \not= 0.06</math> .  
  
 
* Get the sample statistics from [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.html SOCR Charts] (e.g., Index Plot); Sample-Mean=14.8875; Sample-SD=0.072700298, Sample-Var=0.005285333.
 
* Get the sample statistics from [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.html SOCR Charts] (e.g., Index Plot); Sample-Mean=14.8875; Sample-SD=0.072700298, Sample-Var=0.005285333.
 
<center>[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Estim_Var_020408_Fig3.jpg|500px]]</center>
 
<center>[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Estim_Var_020408_Fig3.jpg|500px]]</center>
  
−
* Identify the degrees of freedom (<math>df=n-1=15</math>) and the level of confidence (<math>{\alpha \over 2}=0.05</math>, as we are looking for a <math>(1-\alpha)100% CI(\sigma)</math>).
+
* Identify the degrees of freedom (<math>df=n-1=15</math>).
  
−
* Find the left and right critical values, <math>\chi_L^2=7.261</math> and <math>\chi_R^2=24.9958</math>, as in the image below.
+
* Test Statistics: <math>\Chi_o^2 = {(n-1)s^2 \over \sigma_o^2} \sim \Chi_{(df=n-1)}^2.</math>
−
<center>[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Estim_Var_020408_Fig4.jpg|500px]]</center>
 
  
−
* CI(<math>\sigma^2</math>)
+
* Significance Inference: <math>\chi_o^2 = {15\times 0.005285333 \over 0.06^2}=22.022221</math>
−
: <math>{15\times 0.0053 \over 24.9958} \leq \sigma^2 \leq {15\times 0.0052 \over 7.261}</math>
+
: P-value=<math>P(\Chi_{(df=n-1)}^2 > \chi_o^2) = 0.107223</math>. This p-value does not indicate strong evidence in the data to reject a possible population standard deviation of 0.06.
  
−
* CI(<math>\sigma</math>)
+
<center>[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Hypothesis_020508_Fig8.jpg|500px]]</center>
−
: <math>\sqrt{15\times 0.0053 \over 24.9958} \leq \sigma \leq \sqrt{15\times 0.0052 \over 7.261}</math>
 
  
−
===More examples===
+
===More Examples===
  
−
* You randomly select and measure the contents of 15 bottles of cough syrup.  The results (in fluid ounces) are shown.  Use a 95% level of confidence to construct a confidence interval for the standard deviation (<math>\sigma</math>) assuming the contents of these cough syrup bottles is Normally distributed. Does this CI(<math>\sigma</math>) suggest that the variation in the bottles is at an acceptable level if the '''population standard deviation''' of the bottle’s contents should be less than 0.025 fluid ounce?
+
* You randomly select and measure the contents of 15 bottles of cough syrup.  The results (in fluid ounces) are shown.  Formulate and test hypotheses about the standard deviation (<math>\sigma_o=0.025</math>) assuming the contents of these cough syrup bottles are Normally distributed. Is there data-driven evidence suggesting that the standard-deviation of the fluids in the bottles is not at an acceptable level?
 
<center>
 
<center>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:75%" border="1"
Line 60: Line 58:
 
</center>
 
</center>
  
−
* The gray whale has the longest annual migration distance of any mammal.  Gray whales leave Baja, California, and western Mexico in the spring, migrating to the Bering and Chukchi seas for the summer months.  Tracking a sample of 50 whales for a year provided a mean migration distance of 11,064 miles with a standard deviation of 860 miles. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the variance for the migrating whales.  Assume that the population of migration distances is Normally distributed.
+
* The gray whale has the longest annual migration distance of any mammal.  Gray whales leave Baja, California, and western Mexico in the spring, migrating to the Bering and Chukchi seas for the summer months.  Tracking a sample of 50 whales for a year provided a sample mean migration distance of 11,064 miles with a standard deviation of 860 miles. Assume that the population of migration distances is Normally distributed to formulate and test hypotheses for the population standard deviation (<math>\sigma_o=500</math>).
  
−
* For the [[SOCR_012708_ID_Data_HotDogs | hot-dogs dataset]] construct 97% CI for the population standard deviation of the calorie and sodium contents, separately.
+
* Use the [[SOCR_012708_ID_Data_HotDogs | hot-dogs dataset]] to formulate and test hypotheses about the population standard deviation of the sodium content in the poultry hot-dogs (<math>\sigma_o=70</math>).
  
 
<hr>
 
<hr>
 +
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
Line 70: Line 69:
 
* SOCR Home page: http://www.socr.ucla.edu
 
* SOCR Home page: http://www.socr.ucla.edu
  
−
{{translate|pageName=http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php?title=AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_Hypothesis_Var}}
+
"{{translate|pageName=http://wiki.socr.umich.edu/index.php?title=AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_Hypothesis_Var}}

Latest revision as of 16:00, 3 March 2020

General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum - Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation or Variance

Assessing the amount of variation in a process, natural phenomenon, or an experiment is of paramount importance in many fields. For instance, a computer manufacturer may dismiss a batch of computer chips if they vary by more than certain tolerance levels in their clock-speeds, heat emissions, or energy consumptions.

Background

Recall that the sample-variance (s2) is an unbiased point estimate for the population variance \(\sigma^2\), and similarly, the sample-standard-deviation (s) is a good point estimate for the population-standard-deviation \(\sigma\).

The sample-variance is roughly Chi-square distributed: \[\chi_o^2 = {(n-1)s^2 \over \sigma^2} \sim \Chi_{(df=n-1)}^2\]

Testing a Claim about the Variance (\(\sigma^2\))

For Normally distributed random variables, given \(H_o: \sigma^2 = \sigma_o^2\) vs. \(H_1: \sigma^2 \not= \sigma_o^2\) , then \({(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}\) has a \(\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}\) distribution, where \(s^2\) is the sample variance.

Notice that the Chi-square distribution is not symmetric (it is positively skewed) and therefore, there are two critical values for each level of confidence \((1-\alpha)\). The value \(\chi_L^2\) represents the left-tail critical value and \(\chi_R^2\) represents the right-tail critical value. For various degrees of freedom and areas, you can compute all critical values either using the SOCR Chi-Square Distribution or using the SOCR Chi-Square Distribution Calculator.

  • Example: A random sample of size 30 drawn from a Normal distribution has sample-variance \(s^2 = 5\). Test at the \(\alpha=0.05\) level of significance if this is consistent with \(H_o: \sigma^2 = 2\).
Test statistic\[\chi_o^2 = {29\times 5 \over 2} = 72.5\].
Left and Right Chi-Square critical values (for \(\alpha = 0.05\)) are \(\chi_L^2=16.047\) and \(\chi_R^2=45.722\). Since, \(\chi_o^2 = 72.5 > \chi_R^2=45.722\), \(H_o\) is rejected at the \(\alpha=0.05\) level of significance.
SOCR EBook Dinov Hypothesis 020508 Fig7.jpg

Testing a Claim about the Standard Deviation (\(\sigma\))

The standard deviation is just the square root of the variance (\(\sigma = |\sqrt{\sigma^2}|\)). We do significance testing for the standard deviation analogously.

For Normally distributed random variables, given \(H_o: \sigma = \sigma_o\) vs. \(H_1: \sigma \not= \sigma_o\) , then \({(n-1) s^2 \over \sigma_o^2}\) has a \(\Chi^2_{(df=n - 1)}\) distribution, where \(s^2\) is the square of the sample standard deviation.

Hands-on Activities

  • Formulate appropriate hypotheses and assess the significance of the evidence to reject the null hypothesis for the population standard deviation (\(\sigma\)) assuming the observations below represent a random sample from the liquid content (in fluid ounces) of 16 beverage cans and can be considered as Normally distributed. Use a 90% level of confidence (\(\alpha=0.1\)).
14.816 14.863 14.814 14.998 14.965 14.824 14.884 14.838 14.916 15.021 14.874 14.856 14.860 14.772 14.980 14.919
  • Hypotheses\[H_o: \sigma = 0.06 (\sigma_o)\] vs. \(H_1: \sigma \not= 0.06\) .
  • Get the sample statistics from SOCR Charts (e.g., Index Plot); Sample-Mean=14.8875; Sample-SD=0.072700298, Sample-Var=0.005285333.
SOCR EBook Dinov Estim Var 020408 Fig3.jpg
  • Identify the degrees of freedom (\(df=n-1=15\)).
  • Test Statistics\[\Chi_o^2 = {(n-1)s^2 \over \sigma_o^2} \sim \Chi_{(df=n-1)}^2.\]
  • Significance Inference\[\chi_o^2 = {15\times 0.005285333 \over 0.06^2}=22.022221\]
P-value=\(P(\Chi_{(df=n-1)}^2 > \chi_o^2) = 0.107223\). This p-value does not indicate strong evidence in the data to reject a possible population standard deviation of 0.06.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing

More Examples

  • You randomly select and measure the contents of 15 bottles of cough syrup. The results (in fluid ounces) are shown. Formulate and test hypotheses about the standard deviation (\(\sigma_o=0.025\)) assuming the contents of these cough syrup bottles are Normally distributed. Is there data-driven evidence suggesting that the standard-deviation of the fluids in the bottles is not at an acceptable level?
4.211 4.246 4.269 4.241 4.260 4.293 4.189 4.248 4.220 4.239 4.253 4.209 4.300 4.256 4.290
  • The gray whale has the longest annual migration distance of any mammal. Gray whales leave Baja, California, and western Mexico in the spring, migrating to the Bering and Chukchi seas for the summer months. Tracking a sample of 50 whales for a year provided a sample mean migration distance of 11,064 miles with a standard deviation of 860 miles. Assume that the population of migration distances is Normally distributed to formulate and test hypotheses for the population standard deviation (\(\sigma_o=500\)).
  • Use the hot-dogs dataset to formulate and test hypotheses about the population standard deviation of the sodium content in the poultry hot-dogs (\(\sigma_o=70\)).

References

"-----

Translate this page:

(default)
Uk flag.gif

Deutsch
De flag.gif

Español
Es flag.gif

Français
Fr flag.gif

Italiano
It flag.gif

Português
Pt flag.gif

日本語
Jp flag.gif

България
Bg flag.gif

الامارات العربية المتحدة
Ae flag.gif

Suomi
Fi flag.gif

इस भाषा में
In flag.gif

Norge
No flag.png

한국어
Kr flag.gif

中文
Cn flag.gif

繁体中文
Cn flag.gif

Русский
Ru flag.gif

Nederlands
Nl flag.gif

Ελληνικά
Gr flag.gif

Hrvatska
Hr flag.gif

Česká republika
Cz flag.gif

Danmark
Dk flag.gif

Polska
Pl flag.png

România
Ro flag.png

Sverige
Se flag.gif

Retrieved from "https://wiki.socr.umich.edu/index.php?title=AP_Statistics_Curriculum_2007_Hypothesis_Var&oldid=16984"