SMHS ROC

Scientific Methods for Health Sciences - Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve

Overview

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve) is a graphical plot, which illustrates the performance of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold varies. The ROC curve is created by plotting the fraction of true positive out of the total actual positives vs. the fraction of false positives out of the total actual negatives at various threshold settings. In this section, we are going to introduce the ROC curve and illustrate applications of this method with examples.

Motivation

We have talked about the cases with a binary classification where the outcomes are either absent or present and the test results are positive or negative. We have also discussed about sensitivity and specificity of a test and are familiar with the concepts of true positive and true negatives. With ROC curve, we are looking to demonstrate the following aspects:

• To show the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity;
• The closer the curve follows the left-hand border and top border of ROC space, the more accurate is the test;
• The closer the curve comes to the 45-degree diagonal, the less accurate is the test;
• The slope of the tangent line at a cut-point gives the likelihood ratio for the value of the test;
• The area under the curve is a measure of text accuracy.

		Actual condition
		Absent (H_0 is true)	Present (H_1 is true)
Test Result	Negative (fail to reject H_0)	Condition absent + Negative result = True (accurate) Negative (TN, 0.98505)	Condition present + Negative result = False (invalid) Negative (FN, 0.00025)Type II error (β)
	Positive	(reject H_0) Condition absent + Positive result = False Positive (FP, 0.00995) Type I error (α)	Condition Present + Positive result = True Positive (TP, 0.00475)
Test Interpretation	Power = 1-FN=1-0.00025 = 0.99975	Specificity: TN/(TN+FP) =0.98505/(0.98505+0.00995) = 0.99	Sensitivity: TP/(TP+FN) =0.00475/(0.00475+ 0.00025)= 0.95

Theory

Review of basic concepts in a binary classification:

		Disease Status		Metrics
		Disease	No Disease	Prevalence=$\frac{\sum Condition\, positive}{\sum Total\, population}$
Screening Test	Positive	a (True positives)	b (False positives)	Positive predictive value (PPV)=$\frac{\sum Ture\, positive}{\sum Test\,positives}$	False discovery rate (FDR)=$\frac{\sum False\, positive}{\sum Test\, positive}$
	Negative	c (False negatives)	d (True negatives)	False omission rate (FOR)=$\frac{\sum False\, negative} {\sum Test\, negative}$	Negative predictive value (NPV)=$\frac{\sum True\, negative}{\sum Test\, negative}$
	Positive Likelihood Ratio=TPR/FBR	True positive rate (TPR)=$\frac{\sum True\, positive} {\sum Condition\, positive}$	False positive rate (FPR)=$\frac{\sum False\, positive}{\sum Condition\, positive}$
	Negative Likelihood Ratio=FNR/TNR	False negative rate (FNR)=$\frac{\sum False\, negative} {\sum condition\, negative}$	True negative rate (TNR)=$\frac{\sum True\, negative}{\sum Condition\, negative}$

Introduction of ROC Curve:

Sensitivity and specificity are both characteristics of a test but they also depend on the definition of what constitutes an abnormal test. Consider a medical test on diagnostic tests where the cut-points would without doubt influence the test results. We can use the hypothyroidism data from the likelihood ratio to illustrate how these two characteristics change depending on the choice of T4 level that defines hypothyroidism. Recall the data where patients with suspected hypothyroidism are reported.

T4	<1	1-2	2-3	3-4	4-5	5-6	6-7	7-8	8-9	9-10	10-11	11-12	>12
Hypothyroid	2	3	1	8	4	4	3	3	1	0	2	1	0
Euthyroid	0	0	0	0	1	6	11	19	17	20	11	4	4

With the following cut-points, we have the data listed:

T4 value	Hypothyroid	Euthyroid
5 or less	18	1
5.1 - 7	7	17
7.1 - 9	4	36
9 or more	3	39
Totals:	32	93

Suppose that patients with T4 of 5 or less are considered to be hypothyroid, then the data would be displayed as the following and the sensitivity is 0.56 and specificity is 0.99 in this case.

T4 value	Hypothyroid	Euthyroid
5 or less	18	1
More than 5	14	92
Totals:	32	93

Now suppose, we decided to be less stringent on the disease and consider the patients with T4 values of 7 or less to be hypothyroid, then the data would be recorded as the following and the sensitivity in this case would be 0.78 and specificity 0.81:

T4 value	Hypothyroid	Euthyroid
7 or less	25	18
More than 7	7	75
Totals:	32	93

If we move the cut-point for hypothyroidism a little bit higher, say 9, we would have the sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity 0.42:

T4 value	Hypothyroid	Euthyroid
9 or less	29	54
More than 9	3	39
Totals:	32	93

To sum up, we have the pairs of sensitivity an specificity with corresponding cut-points in the following table:

Cut points	Sensitivity	Specificity
5	0.56	0.99
7	0.78	0.81
9	0.91	0.42

From the table above, we observe that the sensitivity improves with increasing cut-point T4 value while specificity increases with decreasing cut-point T4 value. That is a tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. The table above can also be shown as TP and FP.

Cut points	True positives	False positives
5	0.56	0.01
7	0.78	0.19
9	0.91	0.58

Plot sensitivity vs. specificity, we have the ROC curve:
x<-c(0,0.01,0.19,0.58,1)
y<-c(0,0.56,0.78,0.91,1)
plot(x,y,type='o',main='ROC curve for T4',xlab='False positive rate (specificity)',ylab='True positive rate (sensitivity)')

• Accuracy of a test is measured by the area under the ROC Curve and a rough guide for classifying the accuracy of a diagnostic test is traditional academic point system: 0.90-1:excellent;0.8-0.9: good (B);0.7-0.8:fair (C);0.6-0.7:poor (D);0.5-0.7:fail (F).

With our example above, the area under the T4 ROC curve is 0.86, which shows that the accuracy of the test is good in separating hypothyroid from euthyroid patients.

• How to calculate the area under the curve? The area measures discrimination, which is the ability of the test to correctly classify those with and without the disease. The area under the curve is the percentage of randomly drawn pairs for which this is true. Two methods are commonly used to calculate the area of the scope: (1) non-parametric method based on constructing trapezoids under the curve as approximation of area; (2) a parametric method using a MLE to fit a smooth curve to data points.

Applications

This article titled The Meaning And the Use Of The Area Under A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve presented a representation and interpretation of the area under a ROC curve obtained by the ‘rating’ method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics. It showed that that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a randomly chosen non-diseased subject.

This article illustrated practical experimental techniques for measuring ROC curves and discussed about the issues of case selection and curve-fitting. It also talked about possible generalizations of conventional ROC analysis to account for decision performance in complex diagnostic tasks and showed ROC analysis related in direct and natural way to cost/benefit analysis of diagnostic decision making. This paper developed the concepts of ‘average diagnostic cost’ and ‘average net benefit’ to identify the optimal compromise among various kinds of diagnostic error and suggested ways in ROC analysis to optimize diagnostic strategies.

Software

# With the given example in R:
x<-c(0,0.01,0.19,0.58,1)
y<-c(0,0.56,0.78,0.91,1)
plot(x,y,type='o',main='ROC curve for T4',xlab='False positive rate (specificity)',ylab='True positive rate (sensitivity)')

Problems

6.1) Suppose that a new study is conducted on lung cancer and the following data is collected in identify between two types of lung cancers (say type a and type b). Conduct the ROC curve for this example by varying the cut-points from 2 to 10 by increasing 2 units each time. Calculate the area under the curve and interpret on the accuracy of the test.

measurements	<1	1-2	2-3	3-4	4-5	5-6	6-7	7-8	8-9	9-10	10-11	11-12	>12
Type a	2	1	4	2	8	7	4	3	0	0	1	2	2
Type b	1	3	0	2	2	5	10	23	18	20	15	8	2

6.2) When a serious disease can be treated if it is caught early, it is more important to have a test with high specificity than high sensitivity.

a. True

b. False

6.3) The positive predictive value of a test is calculated by dividing the number of:

(a) True positives in the population

(b) True negatives in the population

(c) People who test positive

(d) People who test negative

6.4) A new screening test has been developed for diabetes. The table below represents the results of the new test compared to the current gold standard.

	Condition positive	Condition negative	Total
Test positive	80	70	150
Test negative	10	240	250
Total	90	310	400

What is the sensitivity of the test?

(a) 77%

(b) 89%

(c) 80%

(d) 53%

6.5) What is the specificity of the test?

(a) 77%

(b) 89%

(c) 80%

(d) 53%

6.6) What is the positive predictive value of the test?

(a) 77%

(b) 89%

(c) 80%

(d) 53%

7) References

Statistical inference / George Casella, Roger L. Berger. http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/004199238

Sampling / Steven K. Thompson. http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/004232056

Sampling theory and methods / S. Sampath. http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/004133572

Introduction to ROC Curves http://gim.unmc.edu/dxtests/roc1.htm