SOCR EduMaterials AnalysisActivities KruskalWallis
Kruskal-Wallis Test Background
The Kruskal-Wallis Test is a generalization of the Two Independent Sample Wilcoxon Test. While the latter one test for two groups, the Kruskal-Wallis Test test multiple groups. Suppose there are k groups, the hypotheses are written as:
Null Hypothesis H_0: All of the k population distribution functions are identical.
Alternative Hypothesis H_A: At least one of the populations tends to yield larger observations than at least one of the other populations.
or
Alternative Hypothesis H_A: The k poputations do not all have identical means. (k is the number of groups here.)
Rank sum is employed for hypothese testing. Note that the sample size for each group do not have to be the same.
SOCR Analyses Example on the Kruskal-Wallis Test
The example we show here is from "Practical Nonparametric Statistics" by Conover, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1980. (Page 230)
Steps:
1. The data of this example has 4 groups: A, B, C and D. Click on "Kruskal-Wallis Test" from the conbo box in the left panel.
2. Click on "Example 2" button. than the "Data" button to see the data.
3. The data need to be send to the computer for analysis. In the Kruskal-Wallis test, at least two groups need to be included. You can certainly include any two groups, any three groups, or all the avaialble groups, etc., from the data set. The test will only analyze the groups selected. Therefore, you'll need to let the computer know what groups you're choosing. This is done in the "Mapping" panel. Click on the "Mapping" button to include the groups you want.
4. Next, click on the "Calculate" button. Now you're ready to see the results. Just click on the "Result" button.
Scroll down to see complete results.
If you'd like to include some other group(s) or remove the current groups and start over, simply go to the Mapping button and take the groups you want.
Note: if you happen to click on the "Clear" button in the middle of the procedure, all the data will be cleared out. Simply start over from step 1 and reteive the data by click an EXAMPLE button.
3. Result Interpretation
- The Results tab ends with a summary like this:
- Significance Level = 0.05
- Degrees of Freedom = 16
- Critical Value = 2.120
- Test Statistic T = 7.487
- S * S = 34.632
- Significance Level = 0.05
The test statistic that follows Student's t-distribution is:
|Ri/ni - Rj/nj| / (S * S * (N - 1 - T) / (N - k)) / sqrt(1/ni + 1/nj)
And this is computed using T and S above. N is the total number of observations.
- Notation: Ri -- Sum of ranks of group i; ni -- size of group i.
- Notation: Ri -- Sum of ranks of group i; ni -- size of group i.
- |Ri/ni - Rj/nj| 2.1199 * sqrt(24.9187) * sqrt(1/ni + 1/nj)
- |Ri/ni - Rj/nj| 2.1199 * sqrt(24.9187) * sqrt(1/ni + 1/nj)
- Group A vs. Group B: 3.1999 < 6.6928 (does not yield rejection of Ho.)
- Group A vs. Group C: 4.7000 < 6.6928 (does not yield rejection of Ho.)
- Group A vs. Group D: 5.7000 < 6.6928 (does not yield rejection of Ho.)
- Group B vs. Group C: 7.9 > 6.6928 (yields rejection of Ho.)
- Group B vs. Group D: 8.9 > 6.6928 (yields rejection of Ho.)
- Group C vs. Group D: 1.0 < 6.6928 (does not yield rejection of Ho.)
Since Group B appears to have different mean ranks than group C and group D, the null hypothesis is rejected.
- These reuslts include the critical value (2.120) and the value of the test statistics (T=7.487), which indicate that there is sufficient evidence (at \(\alpha=0.05\)) to reject the null hypothesis that the sample centers are equal.
- Also, the paired-group comparisons (accounting for multiple-testing) indicate the normal ranges of the rank differences between groups. For instance, Group B vs. Group C: 7.9 > 6.6928 indicates the range of normal rank differences between groups B and C.
References
- Conover, WJ (1980). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. John Wiley & Sons. Second Edition.
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